Sudan SD
Sub-Saharan Africa · Low income · capital Khartoum
- Population
- 51,662,147
- 2025
- GDP
- $60.2 billion
- 2025
- Life expectancy
- 66.5 y
- 2024
In the live services
| corpus | rows for this country |
|---|---|
| recipes | 3 |
| legal | 1 |
| alerts | 1 |
Geospatial extent
Bounding box 21.81°–38.60° E, 8.68°–22.23° N · centroid 15.45, 30.21 · source natural-earth-1:110m
Map © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL). Extent only; no cadastre or address data.
Top research institutions
- University of Khartoum — 15,715 works · ROR · site
- Sudan University of Science and Technology — 4,936 works · ROR · site
- University of Gezira — 3,799 works · ROR · site
- Al-Neelain University — 3,718 works · ROR · site
- Omdurman Islamic University — 2,897 works · ROR · site
OpenAlex works counts; not a quality ranking.
Legal system
mixed system of Islamic law and English common law
CIA World Factbook (factbook.json)
Measured indicators
| indicator | value | year | source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agricultural land (% of land) | 60.3 | 2024 | World Bank |
| air_freight | 20.0 | 2023 | World Bank IS.AIR.GOOD.MT.K1 |
| Air passengers carried | 911,089.8 | 2023 | World Bank |
| airline_routes_departures | 52.0 | 2026 | OpenFlights route database |
| airports_openflights | 18.0 | 2026 | OpenFlights airport database |
| airports_total | 9,330.0 | 2023 | World Bank IS.AIR.DPRT |
| armed_forces_pct | 1.3 | 2020 | World Bank MS.MIL.TOTL.TF.ZS |
| armed_forces_personnel | 144,000.0 | 2020 | World Bank MS.MIL.TOTL.P1 |
| Arms imports (SIPRI TIV) | 57,000,000.0 | 2025 | World Bank |
| arrivals | 836,000.0 | 2018 | World Bank ST.INT.ARVL |
| atm_per_100k | 6.2 | 2018 | World Bank FB.ATM.TOTL.P5 |
| bachelors_attainment_pct | 8.1 | 2022 | World Bank SE.TER.CUAT.BA.ZS |
| bank_branches_p5 | 3.3 | 2018 | World Bank FB.CBK.BRCH.P5 |
| basic_water_pct | 64.9 | 2024 | World Bank |
| Battle-related deaths (UCDP) | 4,680.0 | 2024 | World Bank |
| broad_money_growth | 88.0 | 2020 | World Bank FM.LBL.BMNY.ZG |
| broad_money_pct | 31.9 | 2020 | World Bank FM.LBL.BMNY.GD.ZS |
| broad_money_pct_gdp | 31.9 | 2020 | World Bank FM.LBL.BMNY.GD.ZS |
| budget_expense_pct_gdp | 9.7 | 2016 | World Bank |
| cereal_tonnes | 6,726,871.3 | 2024 | World Bank AG.PRD.CREL.MT |
| che_gdp_pct | 2.9 | 2023 | WHO Global Health Observatory GHED_CHEGDP_SHA2011 |
| che_per_capita_usd | 21.1 | 2023 | WHO Global Health Observatory GHED_CHE_pc_US_SHA2011 |
| claims_on_central_gov | 6.6 | 2022 | World Bank FS.AST.CGOV.GD.ZS |
| clean_fuels_cooking | 47.0 | 2024 | World Bank EG.CFT.ACCS.ZS |
| Clinical trials involving this country (ClinicalTrials.gov) | 76.0 | 2026 | ClinicalTrials.gov v2 (country from trial locations) |
| container_port_traffic | 320,274.0 | 2021 | World Bank IS.SHP.GOOD.TU |
| container_traffic_teu | 8.4 | 2021 | World Bank IS.SHP.GCNW.XQ |
| contradictions_total | 1.0 | 2026 | encyclopedia.db prose claim graph (precision-gated advisory; P17/P27 subject) |
| cpi | 38,796.6 | 2022 | World Bank FP.CPI.TOTL |
| CPIA business-regulatory rating (1-6, World Bank) | 2.0 | 2025 | World Bank IQ.CPA.BREG.XQ |
| CPIA financial-sector rating (1-6) | 1.0 | 2025 | World Bank IQ.CPA.FINQ.XQ |
| CPIA public-sector management rating (1-6) | 1.2 | 2025 | World Bank IQ.CPA.PUBS.XQ |
| CPIA trade rating (1-6) | 1.5 | 2025 | World Bank IQ.CPA.TRAD.XQ |
| crime_unodc_cts_burglary_cts_2011_domestic_burglary | 4,691.0 | 2008 | https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime/CTS12_Burglary.xls |
| crime_unodc_cts_burglary_cts_2011_domestic_burglary_rate | 11.3 | 2008 | https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime/CTS12_Burglary.xls |
| crime_unodc_cts_drug_crimes_data_total_drug_related_crime | 5,315.0 | 2008 | https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime/Drug_related_crimes.xls |
| crime_unodc_cts_drug_crimes_data_total_drug_related_crime_rate | 12.9 | 2008 | https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime/Drug_related_crimes.xls |
| crime_unodc_cts_kidnapping | 616.0 | 2008 | https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime/CTS12_Kidnapping.xls |
| crime_unodc_cts_kidnapping_rate | 1.5 | 2008 | https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime/CTS12_Kidnapping.xls |
| crime_unodc_cts_robbery | 3,017.0 | 2008 | https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime/CTS12_Robbery.xls |
| crime_unodc_cts_robbery_rate | 7.3 | 2008 | https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime/CTS12_Robbery.xls |
| crime_unodc_cts_sexual_violence_cts_2011_rape | 1,189.0 | 2008 | https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime/CTS12_Sexual_violence.xls |
| crime_unodc_cts_sexual_violence_cts_2011_rape_rate | 2.9 | 2008 | https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime/CTS12_Sexual_violence.xls |
| crime_unodc_cts_theft | 75,093.0 | 2008 | https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime/CTS12_Theft.xls |
| crime_unodc_cts_theft_rate | 181.3 | 2008 | https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime/CTS12_Theft.xls |
| crime_unodc_intentional_homicide_victims | 5.2 | 2008 | https://data.humdata.org/dataset/dcfea0b9-3f1d-47d8-b118-5207bc6149b5/resource/da23d592-5bc9-4068-aaaf-844cf914faca/download/homicide_report_total_and_sex.xlsx |
| crop_production_idx | 108.0 | 2024 | World Bank AG.PRD.CROP.XD |
| cts_robbery_count | 3,017.0 | 2008 | UNODC Crime Trends Survey (CTS) member-state responses, data.unodc.org bulk download (keyless) |
| cts_robbery_rate | 9.0 | 2008 | UNODC Crime Trends Survey (CTS) member-state responses, data.unodc.org bulk download (keyless) |
| cts_sexual_violence_count | 1,189.0 | 2008 | UNODC Crime Trends Survey (CTS) member-state responses, data.unodc.org bulk download (keyless) |
| cts_sexual_violence_rate | 3.5 | 2008 | UNODC Crime Trends Survey (CTS) member-state responses, data.unodc.org bulk download (keyless) |
| Ease of doing business rank (archived DB2020) | 171.0 | 2020 | World Bank Doing Business archive (DB2020 revised, project discontinued 2021) |
| Ease of doing business score (archived DB2020) | 44.8 | 2020 | World Bank Doing Business archive (DB2020 revised, project discontinued 2021) |
| defense_spend_usd | 369,443,039.2 | 2021 | World Bank MS.MIL.XPND.CD |
| dentists_per_10k | 10.8 | 2018 | WHO Global Health Observatory HWF_0006 |
| Emigrants living abroad (UN DESA 2020) | 949,203.0 | 2020 | UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2020 (bulk xlsx) |
| International migrant stock (UN DESA 2020) | 693,970.0 | 2020 | UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2020 (bulk xlsx) |
| domestic_credit_private_pct | 5.6 | 2022 | World Bank FS.AST.PRVT.GD.ZS |
| dpt_immun_pct | 39.0 | 2024 | World Bank SH.IMM.IDPT |
| Access to electricity (%) | 66.0 | 2024 | World Bank |
| electricity_access_rural | 54.2 | 2024 | World Bank EG.ELC.ACCS.RU.ZS |
| electricity_access_urban | 87.9 | 2024 | World Bank EG.ELC.ACCS.UR.ZS |
| electricity_capacity_gw | 4.0 | 2024 | Ember yearly electricity data (2026) |
| electricity_consumption_pc | 191.8 | 2024 | World Bank EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC |
| electricity_emissions_mtco2e | 2.3 | 2024 | Ember yearly electricity data (2026) |
| electricity_generation_clean_twh | 11.8 | 2024 | Ember yearly electricity data (2026) |
| electricity_generation_demand_twh | 15.6 | 2024 | Ember yearly electricity data (2026) |
| electricity_generation_fossil_twh | 3.0 | 2024 | Ember yearly electricity data (2026) |
| electricity_generation_hydro,_bioenergy_and_other_renewables_twh | 11.6 | 2024 | Ember yearly electricity data (2026) |
| electricity_generation_renewables_twh | 11.8 | 2024 | Ember yearly electricity data (2026) |
| electricity_generation_twh | 14.8 | 2024 | Ember yearly electricity data (2026) |
| electricity_generation_wind_and_solar_twh | 0.2 | 2024 | Ember yearly electricity data (2026) |
| electricity_share_bioenergy_pct | 0.7 | 2024 | Ember yearly electricity data (2026) |
| electricity_share_coal_pct | 0.0 | 2024 | Ember yearly electricity data (2026) |
| electricity_share_gas_pct | 0.0 | 2024 | Ember yearly electricity data (2026) |
| electricity_share_hydro_pct | 77.9 | 2024 | Ember yearly electricity data (2026) |
| electricity_share_net_imports_pct | 5.4 | 2024 | Ember yearly electricity data (2026) |
| electricity_share_nuclear_pct | 0.0 | 2024 | Ember yearly electricity data (2026) |
| electricity_share_other_fossil_pct | 20.3 | 2024 | Ember yearly electricity data (2026) |
| electricity_share_other_renewables_pct | 0.0 | 2024 | Ember yearly electricity data (2026) |
| showing 80 of 20,375 measured series — full list: CSV · JSON | |||
Language
English canonical body. 302 name labels held (Wikidata). Missing languages are absent, not machine-translated.
- ab Судан
- ace Sudan
- ady Судан
- aeb-arab السودان
- af Soedan
- am ሱዳን
- ami Sudan
- an Sudán
- ang Sudan
- ann Sudan
- anp सूडान
- ar السودان
- arc ܣܘܕܐܢ
- arq سودان
- ary سودان
- arz السودان
- as চুদান
- ast Sudán
- avk Sudana
- ay Sudan
- az Sudan
- azb سودان
- ba Судан
- ban Sudan
- bar Sudan
- bcl Sudan
- be Судан
- be-tarask Судан
- bew Sudan
- bg Судан
- bgn سوڈان
- bho सूडान
- bi Sudan
- bjn Sudan
- bm Sudan
- bn সুদান
- bo སུའུ་ཏན།
- bpy সুদান
- br Soudan
- bs Sudan
- btm Sudan
- bxr Судан
- ca Sudan
- cbk-zam Sudán
- cdo Sudan
- ce Судан
- ceb Sudan
- ckb سوودان
- co Sudan
- crh Sudan
- crh-latn Sudan
- cs Súdán
- csb Sùdan
- cv Судан
- cy Swdan
- da Sudan
- dag Sudan
- de Sudan
- de-ch Sudan
- din Thudän
- diq Sudan
- dsb Sudan
- dty सुडान
- dv ސޫދާން
- dz སུ་དཱན།
- ee Sudan
- el Σουδάν
- en Sudan
- en-ca Sudan
- en-gb Sudan
- en-us Sudan
- eo Sudano
- es Sudán
- et Sudaan
- eu Sudan
- ext Sudán
- fa سودان
- ff Sudan
- fi Sudan
- fo Sudan
- fr Soudan
- frp Sodan
- frr Sudaan
- fy Sûdan
- ga an tSúdáin
- gag Sudan
- gcr Soudan
- gd Sudan
- gl Sudán
- glk سۊدان
- gn Sudano
- gom सुदान
- gpe Sudan
- gsw Sudan
- gu સુદાન
- gur Sudan
- gv y Toodaan
- ha Sudan
- hak Sudan
- he סודאן
- hi सूडान
- hif Sudan
- hr Sudan
- hsb Sudan
- ht Soudan
- hu Szudán
- hy Սուդան
- hyw Սուտան
- ia Sudan
- iba Sudan
- id Sudan
- ie Sudan
- ig Sudan
- ilo Sudan
- inh Судан
- io Sudan
- is Súdan
- it Sudan
- ja スーダン
- jam Sudan
- jbo sudan
- jv Sudan
- ka სუდანი
- kaa Sudan
- kab Sudan
- kai Sudan
- kbd Судан
- kbp Sudaanɩ
- kcg Sudan
- kg Sudan
- kge Sudan
- ki Sũdana
- kk Судан
- km ស៊ូដង់
- kn ಸುಡಾನ್
- knc Sudan
- ko 수단
- krc Судан
- ks سوڈان
- ku Sûdan
- kw Soudan
- ky Судан
- la Sudania
- lad Sudan
- lb Sudan
- lez Судан
- lfn Sudan
- lg Sudaani
- li Soedan
- lij Sudan
- lld Sudan
- lmo Sudan
- ln Sudani
- lt Sudanas
- lv Sudāna
- lzh 蘇丹
- mad Sudan
- mag सूडान
- mai सूडान
- mdf Судан
- mg Sodana
- mhr Судан
- mi Hūtāne
- min Sudan
- mk Судан
- ml സുഡാൻ
- mn Судан
- mni ꯁꯨꯗꯥꯟ
- mos Sudan
- mr सुदान
- mrj Судан
- ms Sudan
- mt Sudan
- mwl Sudan
- my ဆူဒန်နိုင်ငံ
- myv Судан
- mzn سودان
- na Tudan
- nah Sudan
- nan Sudan
- nb Sudan
- nds Sudan
- nds-nl Soedan
- ne सुडान
- new सुदान
- nl Soedan
- nn Sudan
- nov Sudan
- nso Sudan
- nup Sudan
- nv Ásáí Dineʼé Daalzhiní Bikéyah
- ny Sudan
- oc Sodan
- olo Sudan
- om Sudaan
- or ସୁଦାନ
- os Судан
- pa ਸੂਦਾਨ
- pam Sudan
- pap Sudan
- pcd Soudan
- pdc Soudan
- pi सूडान
- pih Sudan
- pl Sudan
- pms Sudan
- pnb سودان
- ps سوډان
- pt Sudão
- pt-br Sudão
- qu Sudan
- rki ဆူဒန်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ
- rm Sudan
- rmy Sudan
- ro Sudan
- roa-tara Sudan
- ru Судан
- rue Судан
- rup Sudan
- rw Sudani
- sa सूडान
- sah Судан
- sat ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ
- sc Sudan
- scn Sudan
- sco Sudan
- sd سوڊان
- se Sudan
- sg Sudäan
- sgs Sudans
- sh Sudan
- shn မိူင်းသူႇတၼ်ႇ
- si සුඩානය
- sk Sudán
- skr سوڈان
- sl Sudan
- sm Sudan
- smn Sudan
- sms Sudaan
- sn Sudan
- so Suudaan
- sq Sudani
- sr Судан
- sr-ec Судан
- sr-el Sudan
- ss ISudani
- st Sudan
- stq Sudan
- su Sudan
- sv Sudan
- sw Sudan
- syl ꠍꠥꠖꠣꠘ
- szl Sudan
- szy Sudan
- ta சூடான்
- tay Sudan
- te సూడాన్
- tg Судон
- th ประเทศซูดาน
- ti ሱዳን
- tk Sudan
- tl Sudan
- tly Sudan
- tok ma Sutan
- tr Sudan
- trv Sudan
- ts Sudan
- tt Судан
- tum Sudan
- tw Sudan
- udm Судан
- ug سۇدان
- uk Судан
- ur سوڈان
- uz Sudan
- vec Sudan
- vep Sudan
- vi Sudan
- vls Soedan
- vo Sudän
- vro Sudaan
- war Sudan
- wo Sudaan
- wuu 苏丹
- xal Суданмудин Орн
- xmf სუდანი
- yi סודאן
- yo Sudan
- yue 蘇丹
- za Sudan
- zea Soedan
- zgh ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ
- zh 苏丹
- zh-cn 苏丹
- zh-hans 苏丹
- zh-hant 蘇丹
- zh-hk 蘇丹
- zh-mo 苏丹共和国
- zh-my 苏丹共和国
- zh-sg 苏丹共和国
- zh-tw 蘇丹
- zu ISudan
Lane coverage
| lane | status | what exists |
|---|---|---|
| patents · service | YELLOW · partial | stale data (2020) patent application counts (residents + non-residents) from the World Bank/WIPO series; patent documents are not ingested source |
| legal · service | YELLOW · partial | 1 primary-law documents, 0 with full text mirrored (newest 2020); corpus covers this jurisdiction's official texts, not every instrument ever made source |
| alerts · service | GREEN · ingested | 1 alert row(s) in the current GDACS/USGS window | 2026-10-29 audit: VERIFIED COMPLETE — full current GDACS (125) + USGS (284) window (409 alert rows) with per-record metadata. Kept green. source |
| defense · service | GREEN · ingested | stale data (2023) military expenditure (% of GDP), SIPRI series via World Bank; not procurement, capabilities or intent source |
| space · service | YELLOW · partial | no orbital launch site in this country in the GCAT launch log (1942-2026) source |
| maps · service | GREEN · ingested | Natural Earth 1:10m boundary + centroid + bbox area computed (227.5 deg2); no cadastre, address data or navigation map. GADM L0 fallback: ok (gadm41_SDN_0.json). | 2026-10-29 audit: VERIFIED COMPLETE — Natural Earth 1:10m boundary + GADM L0 fallback for every mapped country; complete geodata record set. Kept green. source |
| passport · service | GLOBAL · service live | pass.go-v.org is live; per-country identity documents are NOT ingested source |
| research · service | GREEN · ingested | 21,463 scholarly works since 2021 with authoring institutions here (OpenAlex); a publication index, not a quality ranking source |
| economy · service | GREEN · ingested | GDP per capita, current US$ (World Bank); not a cost-of-living or inequality measure source |
| health · service | GREEN · ingested | life expectancy at birth, World Bank; not a health system performance rating source |
| education · service | YELLOW · partial | 2026-10-29 audit: demoted green->yellow (SERIES_ONLY). 0 of 1 text corpus (0%); 4 numeric series/indicator(s) only. Missing: full UNESCO UIS education corpus. source |
| energy · service | GREEN · ingested | access to electricity (% of population), World Bank source |
| water · service | YELLOW · partial | at least basic drinking water (% of population), World Bank/WHO; safely managed data shown when available source |
| connectivity · service | YELLOW · partial | stale data (2022) fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 people, World Bank/ITU; internet-user share shown when available source |
| crime | YELLOW · partial | stale data (2021) 2026-10-29 audit: demoted green->yellow (SERIES_ONLY). 0 of 1 text corpus (0%); 16 numeric UNODC/OWID crime series rows only. Missing: full UNODC CTS offence/incident records. source |
| conflict | YELLOW · partial | battle-related deaths (UCDP series via World Bank); one definition of armed conflict, not all violence source |
| business | YELLOW · partial | 2026-10-29 audit: demoted green->yellow (SERIES_ONLY). 0 of 1 text corpus (0%); 1 numeric series/indicator(s) only. Missing: full company/enterprise registry corpus. source |
| science | GREEN · ingested | stale data (2005) OpenAlex institutions snapshot 2026-10: 72 institutions, works counted per country; CC0 1.0. source |
| prison | YELLOW · partial | stale data (2017) 2026-10-29 audit: demoted green->yellow (SERIES_ONLY). 0 of 1 text corpus (0%); 1 numeric series/indicator(s) only. Missing: full World Prison Brief prison corpus. source |
| interpol | YELLOW · partial | 4 public Interpol Red Notice(s) in the 2026-11-08T00:47:49Z snapshot list a national of this country. Not a crime rate; Interpol controls/withdraws notices and the unfiltered public API is capped, so the set is incomplete. source |
| arms | YELLOW · partial | SIPRI arms-transfer trend indicator values (imports and exports) via the World Bank; TIV is a trend measure, not currency source |
| sanctions | GREEN · ingested | OFAC SDN 57 + UN consolidated 19 + EU 48 designation reference(s), snapshot 2026-10-26; counts are list references (text/code attribution), not convictions or proof of activity; 0 is a measured zero against these three ingested lists | 2026-10-29 audit: VERIFIED COMPLETE — full OFAC SDN (19,471), UN consolidated (1,001) and EU (11,154) designation lists with per-record metadata (snapshot 2026-10-26). Kept green. source |
| agriculture | GREEN · ingested | agricultural land (% of land area), World Bank/FAO source |
| food | YELLOW · partial | stale data (2021) prevalence of undernourishment (%), World Bank/FAO; a modelled estimate, not a survey of every household source |
| labor | YELLOW · partial | stale data (2023) unemployment (% of labour force), ILO modelled estimate via World Bank source |
| finance | YELLOW · partial | stale data (2023) 2026-10-29 audit: demoted green->yellow (SERIES_ONLY). 0 of 1 text corpus (0%); 1 numeric series/indicator(s) only. Missing: full IMF/World Bank financial corpus. source |
| environment | GREEN · ingested | forest area (% of land area), World Bank/FAO source |
| trade | GREEN · ingested | trade (% of GDP), World Bank source |
| migration | YELLOW · partial | net migration (5-year estimate), World Bank/UN source |
| tourism | YELLOW · partial | 2026-10-29 audit: demoted green->yellow (SERIES_ONLY). 0 of 1 text corpus (0%); 10 numeric series/indicator(s) only. Missing: full UNWTO tourism corpus. source |
| housing | YELLOW · partial | urban population (% of total), World Bank; not a housing-cost or tenure measure source |
| transport | YELLOW · partial | air passengers carried, World Bank/ICAO; one mode only source |
| investment | YELLOW · partial | 2026-10-29 audit: demoted green->yellow (SERIES_ONLY). 0 of 1 text corpus (0%); 1 numeric series/indicator(s) only. Missing: full FDI/investment corpus. source |
| remittances | YELLOW · partial | 2026-10-29 audit: demoted green->yellow (SERIES_ONLY). 0 of 1 text corpus (0%); 1 numeric series/indicator(s) only. Missing: full WB/IMF remittance corpus. source |
| health_finance | YELLOW · partial | stale data (2023) 2026-10-29 audit: demoted green->yellow (SERIES_ONLY). 0 of 1 text corpus (0%); 1 numeric series/indicator(s) only. Missing: full WHO GHED health-finance corpus. source |
| budget | YELLOW · partial | stale data (2016) 2026-10-29 audit: demoted green->yellow (SERIES_ONLY). 0 of 1 text corpus (0%); 1 numeric series/indicator(s) only. Missing: full national budget/tender corpus. source |
| treaty | YELLOW · partial | 2026-10-29 audit: demoted green->yellow (SERIES_ONLY). 0 of 1 text corpus (0%); 1 numeric series/indicator(s) only. Missing: full UNTC treaty-text corpus. source |
Related in this region
Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde Cameroon Central African Republic
Backlinks
Department pages with measured records for Sudan:
patents legal alerts defense space maps research economy health education energy water connectivity crime conflict business science prison interpol arms sanctions agriculture food labor finance environment trade migration tourism housing transport investment remittances health_finance budget treaty
patents recipes legal alerts defense space passport research
Cite this page
Sudan (SD). go-v.org estate, https://estate.116.202.234.183.nip.io/sd. Data: World Bank Open Data, OpenAlex, WIPO, Natural Earth, OpenStreetMap. Accessed 2026-11-08.